How to become an Electrical Engineer ?

Electrical Engineering is a very interesting field which you can choose for you education. My article : “How to become Automation and Control Engineer” was a very successful one, so today we’ll talk about electrical engineers.

Electrical Engineer Career – job description

Electrical engineers design, improve, develop and maintain electrical systems and its components to required specifications, focusing on economy, safety, reliability, quality and sustainability.

If you choose this role, you could work in a range of areas, including:

• transport networks, including rail electrification and signalling
• machine control systems and control panels
• power generation, transmission and distribution
• renewable energy sources, such as solar panelling, hydroelectric and wind turbines
• manufacturing and construction
• building services, such as lighting, heating, ventilation and lift systems.

Salary of Electrical Engineers in Europe

Income depends on experience and education:

• Graduate engineers can earn between £20,000 and £25,000 a year.
• Experienced engineers can earn between £28,000 and £38,000.
• Chartered electrical engineers can earn between £40,000 and £50,000 a year.
• Electrical managers between £ 45,000 and £ 70,000 a year.

Jobs and task in electrical engineer role ?

designing electrical systems and products;

reading design specifications and technical CAD drawings;

researching suitable solutions and estimating costs and timescales;

working to international, British (BS), European (EN) and other standards;

liaising with clients and contractors to discus projects; 

designing and conducting tests;

servicing and maintaining equipment;

preparing product documentation, writing reports and giving presentations;

monitoring a product in use to improve on future design.

perform detailed calculations to compute and establish manufacturing, construction, and installation standards and specifications.Inspect completed installations and observe operations, to ensure conformance to design and equipment specifications and compliance with operational and safety standards.

prepare specifications for purchase of materials and equipment.

prepare and study technical drawings, specifications of electrical systems, and topographical maps to ensure that installation and operations conform to standards and customer requirements.

plan layout of electric power generating plants and distribution lines and stations.

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How can you increase the performance of Siemens HMI devices?

Description
Through continual innovation the performance of controllers has increased by five to ten fold in the past three years. The cycle times of the controllers became increasingly shorter. The cycle times of the S7-300 controllers, for example, now frequently lie between 9ms and 16ms.
The time left for the CPU to communicate with the HMI devices is therefore becoming ever shorter, because only a certain percentage of the total cycle time is available for communication. The percentage of the time the CPU uses for communication is a minimum of about 3.5% of a cycle time of 15ms.
The FC630 function is for improving the performance of HMI services. An SFC is called in the FC630, which increases the time assignment for the HMI services according to the value of the parameter TSx:

• TSx = 0: restores the initial status
• TSx = 1: default setting
• TSx = 8: increases the CPU cycle time by approx. 50%

The TSx value increases the CPU cycle time by 6.25% per unit.
Evaluation of RET_VAL:

• 0000: no error, time factor is valid and accepted.
• 800x: error, the block must be restarted.

The valid factor is effective without any further modification until the power is switched off.
The "HMI" taskThe CPU program is executed in different tasks ("subprograms"). In the "HMI" task, the CPU communication with the HMI devices is controlled by the operating system (data acquisition, data processing, data transfer and data fetching). The "HMI" task has a certain portion of the cycle time allotted to it. If this time expires, the "HMI" task is interrupted and the CPU continues with its cyclic program processing. The "HMI" task can be interrupted by higher-priority tasks. Higher-priority tasks include time interrupts and delay interrupts, for example.
NoteThe FC630 cannot be used in S7-400 CPUs because there is not the requisite firmware support. Furthermore, HMI response times cannot be shortened because the "HMI" task already has the second highest priority in the S7-400 CPUs.
Difference between FC630 and the setting in the CPU properties (cycle load through communication)In the CPU properties there is also the "Cycle load through communication" parameter. This parameter only affects the CPU message traffic. The FC630 comes into effect early on at data acquisition and in processing the data, which is why the S7-300 CPU's cycle time can greatly extend itself if the FC630 is not handled properly.
Bus protocols for which you can use the FC630You can use the FC630 for communication via

• MPI
• PROFIBUS
• PROFINET

Requirements before using FC630Since incorrect use of the FC630 can lead to malfunctions, in particular the CPU cycle time might increase enormously, you should check the following before using the FC630.

• How high are the cycle times of your CPU? It is particularly useful to operate with cycle times of between 9ms and 16ms, because the percentage of the time used for communication is a minimum of about 3.5% of a cycle time of 15ms. The percentage of the time used for communication with a cycle time of about 32ms is again a minimum of approx. 4.8%. This is why it is useful to implement the FC630 also with cycle times of between 25ms and 32ms. It is not generally useful to implement the FC630 for cycle times greater than 50ms. However, whether or not it is useful to implement the FC630 always depends on your system (number of HMI devices, number of tags polled ...).

Note Via STEP 7 under "PLC > Diagnostics/Setting > Module status > Cycle time" you can read out of your module the longest, shortest and current cycle time since transition from STOP to RUN.
Via the local data of the OB1 you can also read out the runtime of the previous cycle, the minimum cycle time since the last start and the maximum cycle time since the last start.

• Are there time critical subprocesses in the system that do not permit an increase in cycle time? If this is the case, you can also check whether the time critical subprocesses could be controlled via a cyclic interrupt. You should note here that cyclic interrupts interrupt the "HMI" task when called and thus influence HMI performance.

You can implement the FC630 function with S7-300 CPUs and C7 devices. Whether the FC630 can be implemented depends on the CPU type and the firmware version. The function described is valid for the CPU-31x modules as from firmware versions V2.3.2, V2.1.6 and V2.0.10.
The FC630 can also be used for the CPU319-3 PN/DP modules as from firmware version V3.2. However, the firmware version V3.2 contains an improved HMI Turbo that only works for the acyclic HMI services.

• This does not speed up the cyclic HMI services, so the FC630 continues to be need to improve performance.
• The new function - "Prioritized OCM communication" - has been introduced in all devices as from firmware version V3.2, but it can only be configured in the CPU315F-2 PN/DP modules onwards.
• The HMI Turbo is only hidden for the modules CPU312 to 315-2DP and can be configured with the new function FC2551.

More information about "Prioritized OCM communication" is available in Entry ID: 49749632.
The attached download contains an archived sample STEP 7 project with the FC630 described above. Use of the FC630 is described in detail in the document below.
Description_Performance_FC630 ( 93 KB )
Performance_FC630.zip ( 30 KB )
Keywords WinCC, ProTool, Panel, HMI, Operate, Monitor, Performance

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Which ports are used by WinCC flexible?

Configuration Notes:The Ethernet ports are assigned by the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). When using a firewall you must enable all the ports specified in the table. All the services listed are handled via the TCP/IP protocol, except archiving via UDP.
The following ports are used in WinCC flexible Runtime:
 

	Service			Port
Web server	Access to internal HTML pages (HTTP)			80
	Access to internal HTML pages (HTTPS)			443 (SSL)
Sm@rtServer	Connection with the Sm@rtServer (access to the Sm@rtServer for downloading the Java applets with the Internet Explorer)			5800
	Connection with the Sm@rtServer (access to the Sm@rtServer with Internet Explorer for remote monitoring and operation)			5900
OPC
	OPC via DCOM	Server	Connection setup:	135
			Communication	dynamic 1)
		Client	Communication	dynamic 1)
	OPC via XML  (Client <=> Server)			80
Printing	Printing of Windows CE panels via Ethernet			1032
Archiving	Archiving on a server 2)		UDP	137, 138
			TCP	139
Miscellaneous	Transfer via Ethernet		Configuration PC	dynamic 1)
			Panel	2308 and 50523
	Communication between		S7 controller	102
			Panel	dynamic 1)
	PROFINET IO communication 3)			34964
	E-mail (SMTP server)			25
	Modicon controller (Modicon channel MODBUS TCP/IP)			502

¹⁾ Dynamic port:
The Microsoft Windows operating system automatically assigns the relevant service a free port that can be between Port 1024 and 65534. You must enable this area when using a firewall.
²⁾ Archiving:
Requirement for archiving via an Ethernet network is that the server is enabled.
³⁾ PROFINET
Communication via PROFINET must be activated in the "Control Panel", in the "PROFINET" Settings dialog.
Note:If you change the ports of the Sm@rtServer, you must change the links accordingly in the HTML pages used. More information on changing HTML pages is available in the Help system of WinCC flexible under "Example: Configuring an integrated web server".

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How do you integrate a WinCC flexible project in STEP 7?

DescriptionThe following points are described below:

1. Integration of a WinCC flexible project in STEP 7.
2. Possible causes of error when it is not possible to integrate a WinCC flexible project in STEP 7.

Instructions
 

No.	Integration of a WinCC flexible project in STEP 7
1	Proceed as follows to integrate a WinCC flexible project in STEP 7. Open the WinCC flexible configuration. Select the menu command "Project > Integrate in STEP 7...". The "Integrate in STEP 7 projects" dialog opens. Select the relevant STEP 7 project in the dialog box. If the project you desire is not listed, navigate via the search field to the folder in which the STEP 7 project is located. Integration is executed once you select the STEP 7 project. Fig. 01 Note The STEP 7 project does not have to be open for this.
2	Parameterization of the connection / communication partnerIn the "Stand alone" mode you have set all the connection parameters to the controller manually. In the "Integration" mode you can define the station via which the communication partner is to be addressed using the selection menu. The addresses are then transferred automatically. Furthermore, using this measure with the tags, you can access the symbolic connection. Open the STEP 7 project in which you previously integrated the WinCC flexible project. Mark the HMI station and double-click to open the "Configuration" of the HMI station. Open the "Properties" of the operator panel's interface and define the interface and address. Fig. 02 Switch to the WinCC flexible configuration and open the "Connections" in the project tree via "Communication > Connections". Select the relevant station under the "Station". The "Partner" and all the other parameters are transferred automatically. This completes integration of the WinCC flexible project.

Possible causes of error when it is not possible to integrate a WinCC flexible project in STEP 7.
If the function for integrating the WinCC flexible project is grayed out or not available, this might be due to the following reasons.

• You must install WinCC flexible Integration, because WinCC flexible was installed before STEP 7.
  
  Instructions

1. Via the Control Panel you call the WinCC flexible Setup and change the installation.
   Control Panel/Software/SIMATIC WinCC flexible  Button: Change/Delete
2. Activate the integration of STEP 7.
   The "WinCC flexible Integration" and "STEP 7" check boxes must be checked.
   (You need the WinCC flexible installation CD for this.)

Note
If you install the STEP 7 software before installing WinCC flexible, the WinCC installation routine recognizes the installation of STEP 7 and automatically installs support for integration in STEP 7.
If making a custom installation of WinCC flexible, make sure to activate the option "Integration in STEP 7".

• If STEP 7 is already installed and you make an update for STEP 7, e.g. by installing a Service Pack, then you have to reinstall STEP 7 Integration in WinCC flexible.
  
  Instructions

1. Via the Control Panel you call the WinCC flexible Setup and change the installation.
2. Deactivate the integration of STEP 7.
3. Then restart the Setup and activate the integration of STEP 7.
   (You need the WinCC flexible installation CD for this.)

You cannot integrate Micro Panels, e.g. a TP177micro, into STEP 7.

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Repost: Make Images of Your Hard Drive (Cloning your harddisk)

SCADA with Database always use Industrial PC for HMI. How to make backup the PC SCADA? Please read simple Tips and Tricks to make Backup PC. "It's important for your as Automation Engineer in Industries"

Making images of hard drives is a useful way of having backup copies of all your information, including your entire operative system.

For many years, only a few companies made this kind of programs and they were expensive. But now, there are some free alternatives that make this possible without spending any money. Besides, they are pushing commercial products to lower its prices because of the new competition.

The industry is lead by two applications, Acronis True Image and Norton Ghost. These two are great and include an impressive array of options that many of the free applications don’t have. But most users won’t use them anyway.

DriveImage XML

The first application i want to talk you about is DriveImage XML, from Runtime Software.

Official description:

DriveImage XML is an easy to use and reliable program for imaging and backing up partitions and logical drives.

The program allows you to:

• Backup logical drives and partitions to image files
• Browse these images, view and extract files
• Restore these images to the same or a different drive
• Copy directly from drive to drive
• Schedule automatic backups with Windows Task Scheduler

Macrium Reflect Free

The second one is Macrium Reflect Free.

Official description:

• Create a disk image whilst running Windows using Microsoft Volume Shadow copy Service (VSS).
• Image to Network, USB, FireWire drives and DVD.
• Built in scheduler.
• 32 bit and native 64 bit versions.
• Industry leading compression levels and speed.
• Linux based Rescue CD with Network access and full GUI. Only 6.5MB in size!
• Built in CD/DVD packet writing engine. Supports packet writing to DVD DL media with Windows Vista.
• HTML log files.

No Excuses

There are free tools to make those important backup disk images. It is up to you which one to choose.

See on the Video Below:

With Norton Ghost (How to Clone PC - Make Image Disk).

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FAQ: Battery Backup for EEPROM - OMRON PLC

Question

Is a battery for EEPROM memory backup required when using an EEPROM Memory Cassette with C200HS or C200HX/HG/HE Programmable Controllers?

Answer

 No, the EEPROM Memory Cassette does not require a battery.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Question

Can a single sensor output be connected to multiple Programmable Controllers Input Units in parallel?

Answer

 The conditions for setting up this type of connection are as follows:

1.The sum of the total input currents of the Input Units must be below the maximum switching capacity of the transistor in the sensor output.

2.The leakage current from the transistor in sensors output may prevent the inputs to the Input Units from turning OFF. You must be sure that the inputs will turn OFF when sensors output turns OFF.
As a condition for this, the input impedance of the Input Unit and the leakage current can be used to calculate the voltage when the sensor output is OFF. You must be sure that this voltage is less than the OFF voltage of the Input Unit.

3.Sensors signal must be long enough to be detected by the Input Units. The ON/OFF signal from Sensors must be longer than the Programmable Controllers' scan time.

The following formula must be satisfied by the above conditions.

Sum of all leakage currents < Maximum switching capacity of transistor in sensors output

The leakage currents of the pulse output for the transistor in the sensor pulse output when it is turned OFF will not cause the Programmable Controllers input circuit to turn OFF (i.e., satisfies the following condition).
Leakage current of output transistor when OFF x Input impedance of input circuit on Programmable Controllers < Voltage at which Programmable Controllers input turns OFF

The Programmable Controllers must be able to detect the sensor’s ON/OFF signal.
Shorter of ON or OFF signal for sensor/pulse output > Length of one Programmable Controllers scan

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Question

Can a single-phase motor be controlled by a 3G3EV Inverter with a single-phase 100-V input?

Answer

 No, a single-phase motor cannot be used. Doing so will cause a failure.

The Inverter creates a virtual alternating current with high-speed switching.

If the Inverter is connected to a single-phase capacitor-start induction motor, the capacitor will overheat and burn due to repetitive charging and discharging, so do not connect to this kind of motor.

In addition, if the Inverter is connected to a split-phase-start induction motor or repulsion-start induction motor, the motor's internal centrifugal switch will not operate, and the starting coil may overheat, so do not connect these kinds of motors. Use a three-phase motor.

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What products are recommended as substitutes for the C200H-CPU01 Programmable Controller?

Question

What products are recommended as substitutes for the C200H-CPU01 Programmable Controller?

Answer

Select any of the following: C200HE-CPU11, C200HE-CPU32, or C200HE-CPU42.

Selection Precautions:

1. A Power Supply Unit must be purchased (e.g., the C200HW-PA204).

2. Check the Memory Unit that was used with the C200H-CPU01.

C200HE-CPU11: 3.2 Kwords (built-in RAM)

C200HE-CPU32/42: 7.2 Kwords (built-in RAM)

Points to Check:

C200H-CPU01:
C200H-MR431/MR432/ME431 Memory Unit = 2,878 words
Thus the C200HE-CPU11 is acceptable.
Memory Unit C200H-MR831/MP831/ME831 = 6,974 words
Select from the following: C200HE-CPU32 or C200HE-CPU42 (7.2 K).
C200HE-CPU42: Provides a built-in RS-232C port.

3. Purchase a Backplane, e.g., the C200HW-BC081-V1.

Select from the following: C200HW-BC101-V1, C200HW-BC081-V1, C200HW-BC051, or C200HW-BC031.

4. The C200HE/HG/HX cannot be used if the C200H-ID001/002 Input Unit (no-voltage contacts) is used with C200H-CPU01. Check the configuration and use another Unit.

(There are no substitute models with the same specifications.)

5. Support Software and a Connecting Cable are required. (No interface is required.)

CQM1-CIF01 and XW2Z-S001 (for PC98, half 14-pin RS-232C)
CQM1-CIF02 (for IBM PC/AT)

6. The user program can still be used if there are no changes in the I/O configuration.

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General Purpose Relays FAQ

Question

What is the approach to perform maintenance for Relays?

Answer

 There are two main types of maintenance: corrective maintenance (i.e., inspections and replacements that are performed after a failure has occurred) and preventative maintenance (i.e., inspections and maintenance that are performed before a failure occurs).

Some of the important issues with preventative maintenance is when to perform inspections and replacements, how to know when that is required, and how to determine the timing.

The factors that must be considered when determining maintenance schedules for Relays is the level of importance of the target device, and the required reliability level, when looking at maintenance from the device or system perspective. There are also different types of failure for the different characteristics and items based on the type of Relays.

Relays failure types can be broadly classified into failures from wear, typified by worn out contacts, and deterioration failures, such as layer shorts in coil windings.

In general, once the conditions of use for the Relays have been determined, it is possible to predict maintenance requirements because types of wear, such as contact wear, and the timing of wear related failures are related to the number of operations. On the other hand, deterioration failures, such as layer shorts in coil windings, are greatly affected by the inherent reliability of the Relays being used. The maintenance requirements are affected by use reliability, e.g., operating conditions and on-site environment.

This means that the failures are often different for each case, which makes it difficult to determine a maintenance schedule in advance.

In actual operation, wear and deterioration progress at the same time and it is important to know which type of failure is going to occur first when determining maintenance schedules.

The following items are useful for reference when determining maintenance timing.

For more datail Information please Click Here!

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S7-300 Memory Cards -- Product information -- Technical data

What points do you need to remember during the handling of micro memory cards?

Description:
This entry describes how to work with Micro
Memory Cards (MMC). A sample project is also included in Point 4. The
program shows how you can check whether specific data in a data block
is located in the load memory.

1. How should I save blocks or configuration data on the MMC which are transferred online to the CPU?

When you load blocks (OB, FC, FB, DB) and system data (from the
HW Config among other places, for example) into the CPU, they are automatically saved in such a way as to be safeguarded against voltage failure. The MMC is a flash EPROM medium.

2. Is there still need for the "Copy RAM to ROM..." function?

Not for saving blocks. However, if you have changed data blocks,
for instance if you have optimized control parameters, this function
also allows you to save the changed data values on the MMC (i.e. on the
load memory), which means that these new values are also available
following general PLC resetting (including in cases where the MMCs are
used as spare parts in another CPU).

Warning:
Please note carefully that the "Copy RAM to
ROM..." function affects all data blocks that are identified as
"unlinked". In the case of these data blocks, when the "Copy RAM to
ROM..." function is performed, the initial values in the load memory
(on the MMC) are overwritten with the actual values in the main memory.

For all data blocks, the initial values are taken as new values after
an overall reset. In the case of non-remanent data blocks the initial
values are also taken as new values after POWER OFF/ON or after
STOP/RUN operating modes.

If you want to save individual data blocks or data block
elements in the load memory, you can use SFC84 to do that. Here, please
note the following Point 3.

3. Can I save data blocks on the MMC via the user program, i.e. use the content as new initial values in the load memory?

CPUs with MMCs feature the SFCs 82, 83 and 84 for this purpose:

• SFC82 allows you to set up a data block in the load memory.
  
• SFC83 allows you to copy data areas from the load memory to the main memory, and
  
• SFC84 saves data areas in the load memory, i.e. it performs
  the function which is formulated in the question. However, bear in mind
  that the MMCs support a limited number of writing cycles (according to
  the manufacturer's details, 100,000 writing cycles are possible). For
  details about the memory concept of CPUs (load memory, main memory...
  ), please refer to the FAQ in Entry ID 7302326.

4. How can I check whether the data is really saved in the load memory with SFC84?

A check is possible if the data block is declared as "unlinked".

After copying an "unlinked" DB with SFC83 to the working area of
another DB you can make a check. In the load memory itself it is not
possible to access with a variables table or via "Monitor/control
variable", because access is made here to the working area. There is an
example of how to work with SFC83 attached. This illustrates how the
SFC 84 works.

Please also bear in mind that SFC 83 and SFC 84 work asynchronously.
This means that the SFCs might need several cycles to complete a job.

If the data block in the load memory has the attribute "unlinked", you
can make the check by loading the DB into the PG. Here, STEP 7
retrieves the current values from the load memory during each loading
process. In this regard, also refer to the FAQ in Entry ID 21688777.

Sample project:
Save the "MMC_S7_300_SFC83.zip" file
in a separate directory and then dearchive it. The S7 project then
unpacks with all the associated subdirectories. You can use the SIMATIC
Manager to open and process the extracted project.

MMC_S7_300_SFC83.zip ( 158 KB )

IMPORTANT
The sample program is freeware. Any user
can use, copy and forward this program FREE OF CHARGE. The authors and
owners of this program take no responsibility whatsoever for the
functionality and compatibility of this software. Use of the software
is at the user's own risk. Since this software is free of charge, there
is no warranty nor entitlement to error correction and hotline support.

5. When is it useful to compress an S7-300 CPU with MMC?

Deleting blocks on the CPU creates gaps in the load and main
memories. The gaps are not automatically closed when new or changed
blocks are transferred. When you compress, the gaps are closed by
copying the existing or new blocks. The procedure is comparable with
the defragmenting of hard disks in Windows.
You reduce cycle times
by compressing. That is why it is only useful to compress in order to
close a large number of gaps after blocks have been deleted frequently
in the CPU.

Compressing just after performing the "Load user program onto memory card" function is not
useful, because the MMC is deleted when the function is performed and
the blocks can be transferred without any gaps onto the MMC.

Warning:
Compressing, transferring and deleting blocks extends the cycle time of the CPU.

In the STOP operating mode you can perform compressing completely. In
the RUN-P operating mode, blocks that are open because of the running
program cannot be moved when compressing is performed.

-----------------------------------------------------------

Which memory cards can you use with a S7-300 CPU?

Description:
The following tables (Table 01 to Table 08) show the S7-300 CPUs and the memory cards to be used with them.
Here we distinguish between:

• MC (Memory Card)
• MMC (Micro Memory Card)

CPU 312	Order no.	Type of Memory Card
CPU 312	6ES7 312-1AD10-0AB0	MMC  max. 4MB
	6ES 7 312-1AE13-0AB0	MMC  max. 4MB
CPU 312C	6ES7 312-5BD00-0AB0	MMC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 312-5BD01-0AB0	MMC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 312-5BE03-0AB0	MMC  max. 4MB
CPU 312 IFM	6ES7 312-5AC02-0AB0	No Memory Card
	6ES7 312-5AC82-0AB0	No Memory Card

Table 01
 

CPU 313	Order no.	Type of Memory Card
CPU 313	6ES7 313-1AD02-0AB0	MC  max. 512KB
	6ES7 313-1AD03-0AB0	MC  max. 4MB
CPU 313C	6ES7 313-5BE00-0AB0	MMC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 313-5BE01-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 313-5BF03-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 313C-2 DP	6ES7 313-6CE00-0AB0	MMC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 313-6CE01-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 313-6CF03-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 313C-2 PtP	6ES7 313-6BE00-0AB0	MMC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 313-6BE01-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 313-6BF03-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB

Table 02
 

CPU 314	Order no.	Type of Memory Card
CPU 314	6ES7 314-1AE03-0AB0	MC  max. 512KB
	6ES7 314-1AE04-0AB0	MC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 314-1AE83-0AB0	MC  max. 512KB
	6ES7 314-1AE84-0AB0	MC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 314-1AF10-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 314-1AF11-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 314-1AG13-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 314-5AE03-0AB0	No Memory Card
	6ES7 314-5AE10-0AB0	MC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 314-5AE83-0AB0	No Memory Card
CPU 314C-2 DP	6ES7 314-6CF00-0AB0	MMC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 314-6CF01-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 314-6CF02-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 314-6CG03-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 314C-2 PtP	6ES7 314-6BF00-0AB0	MMC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 314-6BF01-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 314-6BF02-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 314-6BG03-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB

Table 03
 

CPU 315	Order no.	Type of Memory Card
CPU 315	6ES7315-1AF02-0AB0	MC  max. 512KB
	6ES7 315-1AF03-0AB0	MC  max. 4MB
CPU 315-2 DP	6ES7 315-2AF02-0AB0	MC  max. 512KB
	6ES7 315-2AF03-0AB0	MC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 315-2AF82-0AB0	MC  max. 512KB
	6ES7 315-2AF83-0AB0	MC  max. 4MB
	6ES7 315-2AG10-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 315-2 PN/DP	6ES7 315-2EG10-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 315-2EH13-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 315F-2 DP	6ES7 315-6FF01-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 315F-2 PN/DP	6ES7 315-2FH10-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7315-2FH13-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 315T-2 DP	6ES7 315-6TG10-0AB0	MMC  min. 4MB, max. 8MB
	6ES7 315-6TH13-0AB0	MMC  min. 4MB, max. 8MB

Table 04
 

CPU 316	Order no.	Type of Memory Card
CPU 316	6ES7 316-1AG00-0AB0	MC  max. 512KB
CPU 316-2DP	6ES7 316-2AG00-0AB0	MC  max. 4MB

Table 05
 

CPU 317	Order no.	Type of Memory Card
CPU 317-2 DP	6ES7 317-2AJ10-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 317-2 PN/DP	6ES7 317-2EJ10-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 317-2EK13-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 317F-2 DP	6ES7 317-6FF00-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 317-6FF03-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 317F-2 PN/DP	6ES7 317-2FJ10-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
	6ES7 317-2FK13-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 317T-2 DP	6ES7 317-6TJ10-0AB0	MMC  min. 4MB, max. 8MB
	6ES7 317-6TK13-0AB0	MMC  min. 4MB, max. 8MB

Table 06
 

CPU 318	Order no.	Type of Memory Card
CPU 318-2	6ES7 318-2AJ00-0AB0	MC  max. 4MB

Table 07

If you are doing an update of the operating system for the S7-318-2 CPU, you can use S7-400 memory cards, order number 6ES7952-1K... For details, please see Entry ID: 7286150.
 

CPU 319	Order no.	Type of Memory Card
CPU 319-3 PN/DP	6ES7 318-3EL00-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB
CPU 319F-3 PN/DP	6ES7 318-3FL00-0AB0	MMC  max. 8MB

Table 08

List of Memory Cards (MC):
In normal mode, only the "short" memory cards (MC) can be used with S7-300 CPUs (with MC slot). Table 09 lists the order numbers of these memory cards.
 

Designation	Order no.
Memory Card FEPROM 16 KB	6ES7 951-0KD00-0AA0
Memory Card FEPROM 32 KB	6ES7 951-0KE00-0AA0
Memory Card FEPROM 64 KB	6ES7 951-0KF00-0AA0
Memory Card FEPROM 128 KB	6ES7 951-0KG00-0AA0
Memory Card FEPROM 256 KB	6ES7 951-1KH00-0AA0
Memory Card FEPROM 512 KB	6ES7 951-0KJ00-0AA0
Memory Card FEPROM 1 MB	6ES7 951-1KK00-0AA0
Memory Card FEPROM 2 MB	6ES7 951-1KL00-0AA0
Memory Card FEPROM 4 MB	6ES7 951-1KM00-0AA0
Memory Card FEPROM 16 KB*	6ES7 951-0KD80-0AA0
Memory Card FEPROM 32 KB*	6ES7 951-0KE80-0AA0
Memory Card FEPROM 64 KB*	6ES7 951-0KF80-0AA0
Memory Card RAM 128 KB	6ES7 951-0AG00-0AA0
Memory Card RAM 256 KB	6ES7 951-1AH00-0AA0
Memory Card RAM 512 KB	6ES7 951-1AJ00-0AA0
Memory Card RAM 1 MB	6ES7 951-1AK00-0AA0
Memory Card RAM 2 MB	6ES7 951-1AL00-0AA0

Table 09
* These memory cards are designed for use in the extended temperature range.

More information is available in the manual "SIMATIC Automation System S7-300, CPU Data, CPUs 312IFM to 318-2 DP", sections 1.1.4 and 4.2 in Entry ID: 8860591.

List of Micro Memory Cards (MMC):
Table 10 lists the order numbers of the Micro Memory Cards (MMC).
 

Designation	Order no.
Micro Memory Card 64 KB	6ES7 953-8LF20-0AA0
Micro Memory Card 128 KB	6ES7 953-8LG11-0AA0
Micro Memory Card 512 KB	6ES7 953-8LJ20-0AA0
Micro Memory Card 2 MB	6ES7 953-8LL20-0AA0
Micro Memory Card 4 MB	6ES7 953-8LM20-0AA0
Micro Memory Card 8 MB	6ES7 953-8LP20-0AA0

Table 10

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Transfer of analog values from and to the PROFIBUS DP slave

QUESTION:
The analog values are transferred only in part or not at all. How can I clear this problem?

ANSWER:
If none or only part of the analog values are transferred, or the transferred values are incorrect, then this might have something to do with the length of the consistent data of the slave (affects S7-300/400 CPUs).
If more than 4 bytes (or exactly 3 bytes) are consistent over the entire length, then you must access the analog values of the slave with the SFCs 14 "DPRD_DAT" and 15 "DPWR_DAT". A description of the SFCs is given in the manual "System Software for S7-300/400 System and Standard Functions". The information on consistent data lengths of the PROFIBUS DP slave are given in the HW Config.
Procedure:

1. In the HW Config you mark the PROFIBUS slave.

2. Double-click the module from which you want to know which consistent areas it has. In the "Address/ID" tab of the "Properties - DP slave" window you can see the length over which the data is consistent.

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How can you delete unused tags or objects from a WinCC flexible project?

Instructions:
In order to reduce configuration work, parts of a project are often copied and inserted into a new project.
Here, tags and objects are copied, which are no longer used in the newly created project.

WinCC flexible provides a function which can be used to have these unused tags displayed.

In the "Edit" menu you select the command "Find in project...". In the window that opens you select the required search options.

For example, to find unused tags you select the "Filter" item. In the text list you select "Tag" as the object type.
Under the "In" item you specify the folder in which the search for the object type is to be made. This is particularly useful when there are multiple operator panels in the project.

Under "Reference" you select the subitem "Not used by" -> "All types". Then click the "Find now" button.

Now on the right you get a display of all the unused tags.
To delete them you select the tags concerned and right-click. A pop-up menu opens in which you select "Delete" to delete the marked tags.

( 37 KB )
Fig. 01

Keywords:
Delete tags

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Copying HMI projects integrated in SIMATIC STEP 7 at file level

QUESTION:  
Can I copy a SIMATIC WinCC flexible project integrated in SIMATIC STEP 7 at file level? 

ANSWER:  
Copying of HMI projects integrated in STEP 7 at file level (e.g. with Windows Explorer via Copy/Cut and Paste) is not possible in combination with WinCC flexible. 

By copying of HMI projects integrated in STEP 7 (*.hmi) at file level you lose internal references from the WinCC flexible project to the the associated STEP 7 project. Then synchronization between the WinCC flexible project and the STEP 7 project is no longer possible.

When you attempt to open an HMI station copied at file level from the SIMATIC Manager, you get a message regarding access to STEP 7 information after opening the HMI station in WinCC flexible ES.

1. Proceed as follows if you want to copy a SIMATIC HMI station from a STEP 7 project:

• Open the STEP 7 concerned with the SIMATIC Manager.
  
  
• Start WinCC flexible via "SIMATIC HMI Station > Right-click on WinCC flexible RT > Open object".
  
  
• In WinCC flexible you select the menu "Project > Copy from STEP 7" to create a non-integrated HMI project from the SIMATIC HMI station.
  
  Note: 
  The original SIMATIC HMI station or the HMI project is retained in the STEP 7 project. 

Fig. 1: Creating a non-integrated HMI project

• You can then handle the HMI project created just like a normal HMI project.
   

2. Proceed as follows if you want to integrate back into STEP 7 a SIMATIC HMI station copied from a STEP 7 project:

• Open the HMI project concerned with WinCC flexible.
   
• In the menu "Project > Integrate in STEP 7" select the relevant STEP 7 project with a double-click.

Fig. 2: Integrating an HMI project

Fig. 3: Selecting the relevant STEP 7 project

• Now the HMI project not integrated in STEP 7 is integrated into the STEP 7 project selected.
  
  Note: 
  This function only inserts the operator panel located in an HMI project into a STEP 7 project. If you want to replace an existing HMI station, then the HMI station to be replaced has to be deleted in the SIMATIC Manager.
   
• After integrating the HMI station you have to check and possible modify the hardware configuration of the HMI station in the STEP 7 "HW Config" as well as the connection parameters in SIMATIC WinCC flexible via "Communication > Connections".

Keywords:
Copy, Paste, Cut, Move, File management, Integration

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How do you archive projects in WinCC flexible and which files are required?

Project archiving and migration
If you wish to archive a WinCC flexible project, you can reduce the volume and file size significantly by archiving just the following project files. Please refer also to the notes at the end of the entry on migrating WinCC flexible projects (opening a WinCC flexible project that is based on a previous version).

No.	Project archiving in WinCC flexible 2007 and WinCC flexible 2008
1	Standalone project (a WinCC flexible project not integrated in STEP 7) Start WinCC flexible ES and archive the project via the menu command "Project > Archive...". The project to be archived must not be opened during archiving. The ZIP file created contains only the two files required for restoring your project - "Project.hmi" and "Project_log.LDF". The next time you dearchive and open the project, the files deleted previously are automatically regenerated. ( 59 KB ) Fig. 01
2	WinCC flexible integrated in STEP 7 In the case of a project integrated in STEP 7, you use the archiving method of the SIMATIC Manager (File > Archive...). From STEP 7 version V5.4 SP2 onwards, the WinCC flexible files are automatically reduced to files required for restoring your project.  The next time you dearchive and open the project, the files deleted previously are automatically regenerated. If you are using STEP 7 V5.4 + SP1, please refer to the information on "Project archiving in WinCC flexible 2005 SP1, Point 2".

 

No.	Project archiving in WinCC flexible 2005 SP1
1	Standalone project (a WinCC flexible project not integrated in STEP 7) If just the WinCC flexible project is to be archived without information for the delta compile, then only the following files are required. ProjectName.hmi ProjectName_log.ldf The files are located in the relevant project directory. The next time you open the project, the files deleted previously are automatically regenerated. "Attachment 1" contains a breakdown of WinCC flexible files based on a sample configuration. Attachment 1: Project_Data_2005.zip ( 11 KB )
2	WinCC flexible integrated in STEP 7 The procedure depends on the version of STEP 7: Up to STEP 7 V5.4 SP1 If the WinCC flexible project integrated in STEP 7 is to be archived without information for the delta compile, you can delete the following files. All files with the name "Project_n_{{..............................}}.data" e.g. -> PROJECT_1_{{9f58e235-cb6e-40eb-829f-e23350eedaca}}.data Project_n.Device_1.fwx e.g. -> PROJECT_1.SIMATIC HMI Station(1).fwx The files are located in your STEP 7 project directory under "HmiES  > Devicename_n >" e.g. "HmiES  > PROJECT_1 >"  ( 41 KB ) Fig. 02 Then archive your STEP 7 project as usual. The next time you open the project, the files deleted previously are automatically regenerated. From STEP 7 V5.4 SP2 onwards From STEP 7 version V5.4 SP2 onwards, you can use the archiving method of the SIMATIC Manager (File > Archive...). The WinCC flexible files are automatically reduced to files required for restoring your project. The next time you dearchive and open the project, the files deleted previously are automatically regenerated.

 

No.	Project archiving in WinCC flexible 2004 / 2005
1	Standalone project (a WinCC flexible project not integrated in STEP 7) If just the WinCC flexible project is to be archived without information for the delta compile, then only the following files are required. ProjectName.hmi ProjectName_log.ldf The files are located in the relevant project directory. The next time you open the project, the files deleted previously are automatically regenerated. "Attachment 2" contains a breakdown of WinCC flexible files based on a sample configuration. Attachment 2: Project_Data_2004.zip ( 11 KB )
2	WinCC flexible integrated in STEP 7 If the WinCC flexible project integrated in STEP 7 is to be archived without information for the delta compile, then only the following files of WinCC flexible are required. GuidId.bin GuidTp.bin IdGuid.bin ProjectName.devices ProjectName.hmi ProjectName_log.ldf The files are located in your STEP 7 project directory under "HmiES  > Devicename_n >" e.g. "HmiES  > PROJECT_1 >"  ( 31 KB ) Fig. 03 The next time you open the project, the files deleted previously are automatically regenerated.

Notes on migration
Opening a WinCC flexible project that is based on a previous version.
When you open a WinCC flexible ES project with more recent version of WinCC flexible ES, a message is displayed during the opening procedure indicating that the project to be opened has been created with a previous version of WinCC flexible.

( 25 KB )
Fig. 04

Acknowledge the message with the "OK" button and WinCC flexible automatically creates a backup file. The file is located in the same project directory as the remaining configuration.
You recognize the backup file generated by the names "Project_name.backup.hmi" and "Project_name.backup_log.LDF".

Example
MP370_Touch.backup.hmi, MP370_Touch.backup_log.LDF
You can archive these files elsewhere. They are not necessary for the WinCC flexible configuration.

Keywords:
Project archiving, Project file 

Sumber: http://support.automation.siemens.com/WW/llisapi.dll?func=cslib.csinfo&lang=en&objid=21896449&caller=view

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What is continuity test?

Salah satu tahapan terpenting sebelum melakukan comissioining mesin yaitu continuity test. Lebih lengkap silahkan baca artikel ini.

What is continuity?

You might be asking, "What is continuity?" But don't worry, it's quite simple! Continuity means, are two things electrically connected. So if two electronic parts are connected with a wire, they are continuous. If they are connected with cotton string, they are not: while they are connected, the cotton string is not conductive.

You can always use a resistance-tester (ohmmeter) to figure out if something is connected because the resistance of wires is very small, less than 100 ohms, usually. However, continuity testers usually have a piezo buzzer which beeps. This makes them very useful when you want to poke at a circuit and need to focus on where the probes are instead of staring at the meter display.

For some basic circuits you can just look to see where the wires go to determine continuity but it's always wise to use a multimeter. Sometimes wires break or you're tired and can't easily follow all the PCB traces. I use continuity check all the time!

What is it good for?

Continuity is one of the most important tests. Here are some things it is good for

• Determine if your soldering is good. If your solder joint it is a cold solder connection it will appear connected but in actually it is not! This can be really frustrating if you are not experienced in visually detecting cold solder joints
• Determine if a wire is broken in the middle. Power cords and headphone cables are notorious for breaking inside the shielding, it appears as if the cable is fine but inside the wires have been bent so much they eventually broke.
• Making sure something isn't connected. Sometimes a solder joint will short two connections. Or maybe your PCB has mistakes on it and some traces were shorted by accident.
• Reverse-engineering or verifying a design back to a schematic

Remember!

You can only test continuity when the device you're testing is not powered. Continuity works by poking a little voltage into the circuit and seeing how much current flows, its perfectly safe for your device but if its powered there is already voltage in the circuit, and you will get incorrect readings

Always test to make sure your meter is working before starting the test by brushing the two tips together, and verifying you hear the beep. Maybe the battery is low or its not in the right mode.

Continuity is non-directional, you can switch probes and it will be the same.

If you are testing two points in a circuit and there is a (big) capacitor between those points you may hear a quick beep and then quiet. That's because the voltage the meter is applying to the circuit is charging up the capacitor and during that time the meter 'thinks' its continuous (essentially)

Small resistors (under 100 ohms or so) and also all inductors will seem like short circuits to a multimeter because they are very much like wires.

Likewise, continuity doesn't mean "short" it just means very very low resistance. For example, if you have a circuit that draws an Amp from a 5V supply, it will appear to be a 5Ω resistor. If you measure that with your meter it will think its a short circuit, but really its just a high-drain circuit.

Get into the mode

First step is to get your multimeter into the correct mode. Look for the icon that looks sort of like a 'sound wave'

Here are three examples. Note that sometimes the mode is "dual" (or possibly more) usage,

Turn the multimeter knob so that it points to this symbol

Touch and go

For a majority of multimeters, you're ready to go, just touch the tips of the probes together so that they make a beeping sound!

Here's a video demonstration

If you can't view embedded videos, click here to download an mp4

Here are some examples covering a couple of different multimeters

Example 1

This meter is very simple. When the probes are not touching, the display shows "1"

When you touch the tips together, the display changes to a three digit mode (it's displaying resistance, which we will cover later) It also emits a beep

Example 2

This meter is dual-mode but still very easy to use. Turn the dial to the symbol. When the probes are not touching the display shows "OL" which stands for Open Loop. (Open loop is another way of saying there is no continuity)

When you touch the probes, the soundwave icon shows up in the display (upper right) and it also shows a number. The number is not the resistance, actually...its the voltage (look for the V in the right hand side for Volts). This is because this mode is also a Diode Test (which will be discussed later)

Example 3

This meter is triple-mode and requires an extra step to get to the continuity function. Click on the image to get a closer view of the triple-mode. After you dial to this mode you must press the Mode button, the wave icon will then appear in the display.

You can see the wave icon in the top right as expected. This meter also displays OL (I've noticed that nicer meters do this)

Unlike the other meter, this one displays Ohms (see the symbol on the right of the display). The resistance is low (4.7Ohms) but not 0 (the ideal value) because the probes and wires act as resistors. Usually with these sorts of meters they will beep whenever resistance is under 100 ohms or so.

Probing a PCB

Here is an example of testing a PCB for continuity.The first test shows that the two points are not connected.

The second test shows that these two points are connected

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Why Use a Clamp Meter?

Mengapa mengukur Arus Listrik Menggunkan Tang Ampere?

Salah satu alat yang diperlukan pada saat kita melakukan commissioning dan pengujian arus listrik "test and run" mesin atau alat-alat yang menggunakan listrik lainnya dilapangan.

Clamp meters allow for measurement of current, without needing to disconnect the wires where the measurement occurs. By simply clamping the wire, you can get the measurement, and not cut the circuit. When using a multitester or a digital multimeter, the circuit has to be cut. In contrast, using a clamp meter, current can be measured by clamping a live wire over its sheath. In addition to its simple operation, it allows safe measurement of a higher current.

Clamp meters feature low internal resistance and have both a positive and negative lead. High current flow can indicate a short circuit, a defective component, or an unintentional ground. Low current flow can indicate high resistance, or poor current flow within the circuit. Both types of clamp meters (digital and analog) are designed to measure levels of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). Most products have built in sensors. Some clamp meters can test diodes or transistors while others can monitor thermocouples or resistance temperature detector (RTD) values. Some may adjust sampling rates automatically, display status information as a bar graph, and measure decibel (dB) readings. Our specialty clamp meters provide special measurement types and optional features. Some can test diodes or transistors. Others can monitor thermocouples or resistance temperature detector (RTD) values. Programmable clamp meters provide internal data storage and will allow you to establish activation triggers. Clamp meters are extremely useful and allow for many types of safe electrical testing.

Please visit Fluke Website for your information.

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Bagaimana Cara Menggunakan Multimeter

Using a Multimeter

A multimeter is used to make various electrical measurements, such as AC and DC voltage, AC and DC current, and resistance. It is called a multimeter because it combines the functions of a voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter. Multimeters may also have other functions, such as diode and continuity tests. The descriptions and pictures that follow are specific to the Fluke 73 Series III Multimeter, but other multimeters are similar.

Important note: The most common mistake when using a multimeter is not switching the test leads when switching between current sensing and any other type of sensing (voltage, resistance). It is critical that the test leads be in the proper jacks for the measurement you are making.

Safety Information

• Be sure the test leads and rotary switch are in the correct position for the desired measurement.
• Never use the meter if the meter or the test leads look damaged.
• Never measure resistance in a circuit when power is applied.
• Never touch the probes to a voltage source when a test lead is plugged into the 10 A or 300 mA input jack.
• To avoid damage or injury, never use the meter on circuits that exceed 4800 watts.
• Never apply more than the rated voltage between any input jack and earth ground (600 V for the Fluke 73).
• Be careful when working with voltages above 60 V DC or 30 V AC rms. Such voltages pose a shock hazard.
• Keep your fingers behind the finger guards on the test probes when making measurements.
• To avoid false readings, which could lead to possible electric shock or personal injury, replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator appears.

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Input Jacks

The black lead is always plugged into the common terminal. The red lead is plugged into the 10 A jack when measuring currents greater than 300 mA, the 300 mA jack when measuring currents less than 300 mA, and the remaining jack (V-ohms-diode) for all other measurements.

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Range

The meter defaults to autorange when first turned on. You can choose a manual range in V AC, V DC, A AC, and A DC by pressing the button in the middle of the rotary dial. To return to autorange, press the button for one second.

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Automatic Touch Hold Mode

The Touch Hold mode automatically captures and displays stable readings. Press the button in the center of the dial for 2 seconds while turning the meter on. When the meter captures a new input, it beeps and a new reading is displayed. To manually force a new measurement to be held, press the center button. To exit the Touch Hold mode, turn the meter off.

Note: stray voltages can produce a new reading.

Warning: To avoid electric shock, do not use the Touch Hold to determine if a circuit with high voltage is dead. The Touch Hold mode will not capture unstable or noisy readings.

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AC and DC Voltage

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Resistance

Turn off the power and discharge all capacitors. An external voltage across a component will give invalid resistance readings.

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Diode Test

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Continuity Test

This mode is used to check if two points are electrically connected. It is often used to verify connectors. If continuity exists (resistance less than 210 ohms), the beeper sounds continuously. The meter beeps twice if it is in the Touch Hold mode.

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Current

Warning: To avoid injury, do not attempt a current measurement if the open circuit voltage is above the rated voltage of the meter.

To avoid blowing an input fuse, use the 10 A jack until you are sure that the current is less than 300 mA.

Turn off power to the circuit. Break the circuit. (For circuits of more than 10 amps, use a current clamp.) Put the meter in series with the circuit as shown and turn power on.

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